Carbohydrate Biochemistry Test Made Easy: A PDF Journal with 27 Practical Exercises
Jurnal Uji Karbohidrat Biokimia PDF 27
Carbohydrates are one of the most important biomolecules that are involved in various metabolic processes in living organisms. Carbohydrates can be classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides based on their structure and complexity. Carbohydrates can also be distinguished by their ability to undergo fermentation, which is a biochemical process that breaks down carbohydrates into acids, alcohols or gases in the absence of oxygen.
jurnal uji karbohidrat biokimia pdf 27
Carbohydrate fermentation test is a biochemical test that is used to assess the ability of bacteria to ferment a specific carbohydrate and to differentiate bacteria based on their carbohydrate fermentation pattern. This test can also help to identify bacteria based on their metabolic properties. Carbohydrate fermentation test is performed by using a basal medium that contains a single carbohydrate source, such as glucose, lactose, sucrose or any other carbohydrate, and a pH indicator that changes color according to the acidity or alkalinity of the medium. A small inverted tube called Durham tube is also immersed in the medium to trap any gas produced during fermentation.
In this article, we will discuss the principle, procedure, results and interpretation of carbohydrate fermentation test with 27 examples of different carbohydrates and bacteria. We will also provide a PDF journal that contains detailed information and illustrations of carbohydrate fermentation test. This PDF journal can be downloaded from the link given at the end of this article.
Principle of Carbohydrate Fermentation Test
The principle of carbohydrate fermentation test is based on the fact that different bacteria have different enzymes and pathways to metabolize carbohydrates. Some bacteria can ferment only certain carbohydrates, while others can ferment a wide range of carbohydrates. Some bacteria can produce only acid from carbohydrate fermentation, while others can produce both acid and gas. Some bacteria can also produce other end products, such as alcohols or ketones, from carbohydrate fermentation.
When bacteria are inoculated into a medium that contains a specific carbohydrate and a pH indicator, they will utilize the carbohydrate as their energy source and produce end products that will affect the pH and gas content of the medium. The pH indicator will change color according to the acidity or alkalinity of the medium. For example, phenol red is a common pH indicator that turns yellow in acidic conditions and red in alkaline conditions. The Durham tube will collect any gas produced during fermentation. The presence or absence of color change and gas production can indicate whether the bacteria can ferment the carbohydrate or not.
Procedure of Carbohydrate Fermentation Test
The procedure of carbohydrate fermentation test involves the following steps:
Prepare a basal medium that contains peptone (amino acids), beef extract (nutrients), sodium chloride (osmotic balance), agar (solidifying agent), distilled water and a pH indicator (such as phenol red). Adjust the pH of the medium to 7.4.
Add a specific carbohydrate (such as glucose, lactose, sucrose or any other carbohydrate) to the medium at a concentration of 1% (w/v).
Sterilize the medium by autoclaving at 121C for 15 minutes.
Pour the medium into sterile test tubes and insert a small inverted Durham tube into each test tube.
Inoculate each test tube with a pure culture of bacteria by using a sterile loop or needle.
Incubate the test tubes at 37C for 24-48 hours or until a visible color change or gas production occurs.
Observe and record the results based on the color change and gas production in each test tube.
Examples of Carbohydrate Fermentation Test
In this section, we will provide 27 examples of carbohydrate fermentation test with different carbohydrates and bacteria. We will use phenol red as the pH indicator and Durham tube as the gas trap. The results and interpretation of each example are given below:
Glucose fermentation test with Escherichia coli: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that E. coli can ferment glucose and produce acid and gas.
Glucose fermentation test with Staphylococcus aureus: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that S. aureus can ferment glucose and produce only acid.
Glucose fermentation test with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that P. aeruginosa cannot ferment glucose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Lactose fermentation test with Escherichia coli: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that E. coli can ferment lactose and produce acid and gas.
Lactose fermentation test with Staphylococcus aureus: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. aureus cannot ferment lactose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Lactose fermentation test with Salmonella typhimurium: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. typhimurium cannot ferment lactose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Sucrose fermentation test with Vibrio cholerae: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that V. cholerae can ferment sucrose and produce acid and gas.
Sucrose fermentation test with Salmonella typhi: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. typhi cannot ferment sucrose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Sucrose fermentation test with Klebsiella pneumoniae: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that K. pneumoniae can ferment sucrose and produce acid and gas.
Maltose fermentation test with Proteus vulgaris: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that P. vulgaris can ferment maltose and produce acid and gas.
Maltose fermentation test with Proteus mirabilis: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that P. mirabilis cannot ferment maltose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Maltose fermentation test with Neisseria meningitidis: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that N. meningitidis can ferment maltose and produce only acid.
Mannitol fermentation test with Staphylococcus aureus: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that S. aureus can ferment mannitol and produce only acid.
Mannitol fermentation test with Staphylococcus epidermidis: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. epidermidis cannot ferment mannitol and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Mannitol fermentation test with Enterococcus faecalis: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that E. faecalis can ferment mannitol and produce only acid.
Galactose fermentation test with Klebsiella pneumoniae: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that K. pneumoniae can ferment galactose and produce acid and gas.
Galactose fermentation test with Shigella dysenteriae: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. dysenteriae cannot ferment galactose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Galactose fermentation test with Lactob
Galactose fermentation test with Lactobacillus acidophilus: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that L. acidophilus can ferment galactose and produce only acid.
Starch fermentation test with Bacillus subtilis: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that B. subtilis can ferment starch and produce acid and gas.
Starch fermentation test with Streptococcus pyogenes: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. pyogenes cannot ferment starch and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Starch fermentation test with Clostridium botulinum: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that C. botulinum can ferment starch and produce acid and gas.
Rhamnose fermentation test with Enterobacter aerogenes: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that E. aerogenes can ferment rhamnose and produce acid and gas.
Rhamnose fermentation test with Escherichia coli: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that E. coli cannot ferment rhamnose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Rhamnose fermentation test with Salmonella enterica: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. enterica cannot ferment rhamnose and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Aesculin fermentation test with Enterococcus faecalis: The test tube turns black due to the formation of a phenolic iron complex between esculetin and ferric citrate. This indicates that E. faecalis can ferment aesculin and produce esculetin and glucose.
Aesculin fermentation test with Streptococcus agalactiae: The test tube remains clear or shows no color change. This indicates that S. agalactiae cannot ferment aesculin and does not produce esculetin.
Aesculin fermentation test with Streptococcus bovis: The test tube turns black due to the formation of a phenolic iron complex between esculetin and ferric citrate. This indicates that S. bovis can ferment aesculin and produce esculetin and glucose.
Salicin fermentation test with Streptococcus pneumoniae: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that S. pneumoniae can ferment salicin and produce only acid.
Salicin fermentation test with Streptococcus pyogenes: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. pyogenes cannot ferment salicin and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Salicin fermentation test with Escherichia coli: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that E. coli cannot ferment salicin and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Adonitol fermentation test with Klebsiella pneumoniae: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that K. pneumoniae can ferment adonitol and produce acid and gas.
Adonitol fermentation test with Escherichia coli: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that E. coli cannot ferment adonitol and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Adonitol fermentation test with Enterobacter aerogenes: The test tube turns yellow and gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that E. aerogenes can ferment adonitol and produce acid and gas.
Dulcitol fermentation test with Salmonella typhi: The test tube turns yellow but no gas is produced in the Durham tube. This indicates that S. typhi can ferment dulcitol and produce only acid.
Dulcitol fermentation test with Shigella dysenteriae: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that S. dysenteriae cannot ferment dulcitol and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Dulcitol fermentation test with Escherichia coli: The test tube remains red or shows no color change. This indicates that E. coli cannot ferment dulcitol and uses peptone instead, producing alkaline by-products.
Conclusion
Carbohydrate fermentation test is a useful biochemical test that can help to identify and differentiate bacteria based on their ability to ferment a specific carbohydrate and produce acid and/or gas. This test can also provide information about the metabolic properties and pathways of bacteria. Carbohydrate fermentation test is performed by using a basal medium that contains a single carbohydrate source and a pH indicator. A Durham tube is also used to trap any gas produced during fermentation. The results and interpretation of carbohydrate fermentation test depend on the color change and gas production in each test tube.
In this article, we have discussed the principle, procedure, results and interpretation of carbohydrate fermentation test with 27 examples of different carbohydrates and bacteria. We have also provided a PDF journal that contains detailed information and illustrations of carbohydrate fermentation test. This PDF journal can be downloaded from the link given below:
Jurnal Uji Karbohidrat Biokimia PDF 27
We hope that this article has given you some insight into the carbohydrate fermentation test and its applications in microbiology. a27c54c0b2
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